Seeking Alpha? It’s a Bad Guideline for Portfolio Optimization

Abstract

Alpha is the most popular measure for evaluating the performance of both individual assets and funds. The alpha of an asset with respect to a given benchmark portfolio measures the change in the portfolio’s Sharpe ratio driven by a marginal increase in the asset’s portfolio weight. Thus, alpha indicates which assets should be marginally over- or underweighted relative to the benchmark weights, and by how much. In this article, the authors show that alpha is actually an ineffective guideline for portfolio optimization. The reason is that alpha only measures the effects of infinitesimal changes in the portfolio weights. For small but finite changes, which are those relevant to investors, the optimal weight adjustments are almost unrelated to the alphas. In fact, in many cases the optimal adjustment is in the opposite direction of alpha—it may be optimal to reduce the weight of an asset with a positive alpha, and vice versa. Rather than employing alphas as a guideline, the authors argue that investors can do much better by using direct optimization with the desired constraint on the distance from the benchmark portfolio weights.